Biahram domh<\/strong><\/p>\n 1947, February 12 ah ser thar mi ram cu a min ah \u201cUnion of Burma\u201d ti a si i, Kawl holh in \u201cUnion\u201d ti cu \u201cPyitaungsuh\u201d tinak a si. Pyitaungsuh ti mi cu Kawl holh in \u201cpyi\u2013ram\u201d, \u201ctaung\u2013ser\u201d le \u201csuh\u2014fonh\/komh\u201d kha a si caah Union of Burma i a sullam cu aa dang mi miphun hna kha fonh\/komh i ram pakhat ser ti mi sullam a rak si. Chin, Kachin, Shan le Kawl nih Panglong khua ah an i fonh i, ram pakhat an ser ti mi sullam a si. Cu ruangah 1947, February 12 hnu cun aa dang mi miphun Chin, Kachin, Shan le Kawl pawl cu ram pakhat an hung si. Panglong tonpumhnak cu Mirang sin in zalennak hmuh awk saduhthah le hmailei ram sersiamnak saduhthah pahnih aa fonh mi a rak si. Cucaah, Panglong an \u1e6dhut hnu, Mirang pen lio 1947 April 9 ah ser thar mi ram caah thimnak an rak tuah cia i, General Aung San hruai mi Anti-Fascist People\u2019s Freedom League (AFPFL) nih teinak a rak hmuh.1<\/sup> Hihi Union of Burma i a hmasa bik thimnak ti khawh a si. Cu hnu cun, thimnak cu voi thum (1951-1952, 1956 le 1960) tuah a rak si. 1961, June 16 Taunggyi Conference nih tlangcungmi covo hal mi cu U Nu nih 1962 February 24 ah ceih hmai ding ah Rangon ah \u201cFederal Seminar\u201d a rak auh nain an tuah dih hlan ah Newin nih 1962, March 2 ah uknak a rak lak. Newin nih 1974 tiang phunghram loin a rak uk. 1974 ah phunghram a chuah i, 1985 tiang ah thimnak voi 4 a rak tuah. Anih tuah mi thimnak cu one<\/em> party system election<\/em> a rak si leng ah free<\/em> and fair a rak si lo caah democracy<\/em> mit in cun rel a si lo. 1990 ah thimnak cu multi-party election system<\/em> in rak tuah a si. Cucu parliamentary system<\/em> chan i an rak tuah mi bantuk kha a rak si. National League for Democracy (NLD) nih National Unity Party (NUP) ti mi Newin party tharchuah mi cu ceilak a rak tei.2<\/sup> Sihmansehlaw, ralkap nih uknak an pe duh hna lo i, phunghram loin 2008 tiang an kan hruai. 2008 ah February 2 ah 2008 phunghrampi a rak chuak. Cu phunghram ning in nihin tiang kan i hruai.<\/p>\n 2020 November 8 (Sunday) ah tuah ding ram pumpi thimnak cu 2008 phunghram zul in tuah mi general election a voi 3 nak a si lai. A voi khatnak cu 2010 ah a rak si i, free and fair election<\/em> a si lo ti ruangah party<\/em> tampi an nuar i USDA in USDP party<\/em> tiah min thlen mi party<\/em> nih teinak a hmuh. 2015 cu NLD nih a tei ve. Hei tuak chunh tikah 2015 i cozah a chuak mi cu ram mi nih thim mi an si ti khawh a si. Cucaah, 2020 thimnak hi a biapinak cu ram mi thim mi cozah nih zeitin thimnak a tuah lai ti mi hi a si. Hi capar ah cun hakkauh nawn in pakhatnak ah thimnak tuah hrimhrim a herhnak ka hun langter. Pahnihnak, UEC thim phung a chambaunak tiah ka ruah mi ka hun langhter. A donghnak bik cu 2020 thimnak ah zeidah a cang kho hnga tiah ka ruah mi ka hun langhter.<\/p>\n 2020 kum chung ah thimnak a tuah mi ram le a tuah ding ram an um bantukin COVID-19 ruangah thimnak a let mi zong an um ve. South Korea nih hluttaw thimnak cu April thla ah an tuah. US presidential election zong, November 3 ah tuah ding timhtuahnak ngeih a si. Hi tluk in thih le loh karlak ah zeiruang ah thimnak hi an tuah ti mi hi, mi tampi nih theih a herh mi le theih duh ngai mi a hung si. 2008 phunghrampi nih a onh mi thim khawh mi 75% ning in 2010 thimnak le 2015 thimnak ah thimnak rak tuah dih khawh a si lo. 2010 lio ah phunghrampi nih a onh mi thim hmun 1171 chung ah UEC nih thim hmun 1154 lawng ah thimnak a tuah khawh. Cun, 2015 ah thim hmun 21 ah thimnak an rak tuah lo. Sihmansehlaw, hiti thimnak tuah khawh lonak um ko hmanh seh law, cozah sernak caah siseh democratization<\/em> lei kan kalnak ah hnahnawhnak tampi a um lem lo. 2020 thimnak zong ah thim hmun tampi ah thimnak tuah khawh lo ding dawnkhantu an um kho men. COVID-19 ruang zong ah a si kho i, ramchung ral ruang zong ah a si kho. Nihin tiang kan ton mi ah cun COVID-19 ruangah a si bik lai tiah hmuh khawh a si. Harnak a um zong ah thimnak tuah a herhnak cu 2008 phunghrampi nih ram mi thim mi party NLD nih cozah a tlaih a voi khatnak a si caah a si. Amah hruainak in thimnak a tuah lo ahcun democracy<\/em> phung he aa kalh in ram a hruai ti khawh a si. Ralkap (Dictator) pawl nih thimnak an tuah lonak cu uknak power<\/em> mi sin ah pek an duh lo ruangah a si. Kanmah nih kan uk zungzal lai ti mi saduhthah an ngeih caah a si. Cucu democracy<\/em> he aa kalh tuk mi hramhram uk ning (dictatorship) a si. Cu ruangah, kha ruangah, zawtnak ruangah, buainak ruangah tibantuk konglam char in thimnak tuah lo cu hramhram uk duhtu (dictatorship) pawl nih an tuah tawn mi a si. Cucaah, NLD nih democracy<\/em> ning in ram ka hruai ko a ti khawh nakhnga thimnak cu a tuah hrimhrim a herh.<\/p>\n Ram mi nih aiawhtu thim in uk mi democracy<\/em> phung cu indirect<\/em> democracy a si. Cucu \u201caiawhtu\u201d an chuah khawh nakhnga thimfung thlak hrimhrim a herh. A ruang cu thimfung thlak lo ahcun indirect<\/em> democracy kha a si thiam lo. Indirect democracy<\/em> a si thiam lo ti mi sullam cu democracy<\/em> a chuak thiam lo tinak a si. Cucaah, democracy<\/em> a duh mi nih thimfung thlak hrimhrim a herh. Ramdang ah cun thimnak kha i tel ding hrim in biakhiahnak a tuah mi zong an um. Ram mi paoh kha thimfung an thlakter hna tinak a si. Cu hna lak ah Argentina (1912) le Brazil te pawl hi an i tel ve. Vawlei cung ram 27 (13%) nih thimfung pek hrimhrim ding (compulsory voting) kha an hman.3<\/sup> Cuti si loin, thimfung pek khawhnak caah phaisa in bawmhnak a pe mi zong an um ve. Kuwait cozah nih thimfung peknak ding caah vanlawng ticket<\/em> kha ram mi cheukhat a lak in an rak pek bal hna. 1990 ah S.Korea zong nih thimfung kha phaisa 5000 won phalh in an rak pek. Cuti an tuahnak cu mipi nih thimnak ah an i tel khawhnak caah a si. Mipi nih thimnak ah thimfung kan thlak lawng ah a dik mi democracy<\/em> kan si lai tinak kha a si. Cucaah, 2020 thimnak ah thimfung thlak cu rak tlolh hrim hlah!<\/p>\n III. UEC Dun le Dan, A Thazaang Dernak Kherhhlainak<\/strong><\/p>\n UEC nih 2008 phunghram ning in thimhmun kip ah thimnak an tuah khawh lo mi cu ethnic conflicts<\/em> he aa pehtlai mi issue<\/em> a si. 2020 kum ah tah thim hmun zeizah ah thimnak an tuah khawh lai ti mi hi a biapi tuk. A ruang cu democracy<\/em> lei ah aa thleng cuahmah mi (Myanmar democratization period) Kawlram ah a biapi bik mi \u201c2008 Phunghram remhnak\u201d ding palai (candidate) milu ruangah a si. UEC nih tawlrel ning lakah zalonnak le tlukruannak um mi thimnak (free and fair election) si ding ah dawntu a si hnga maw tiah ka ruah mi pakhat a um. Cucu \u201cpaper ballot<\/em> \u2013 thimfung thlaknak catlap \u1e6dial ning\u201d khi a si. Thimfung thlaknak catlap i mi min \u1e6dial a si tikah Doctor, U, Daw, Ma le Mg\u2026tbk hi min hmai ah telh lengmang a si. Hi kong ah kherhhlainak (research) tampi a chuak rih lo nain thimfung thlatu nih a zoh tikah zei nih dah a lung a lak bik hnga ti hi ruah a herh. Biana ah, thimfung thlatu nih a duh mi MP thim ding kong ah zei hmanh a thei hnga lo. Min tar mi ballot paper<\/em> a zoh tikah Dr. ti mi min hmai cuang ah a hmuh ahcun a lung a lak khawh colh. Zeiruang ah ti ahcun Myanmar ram mi kan lungput ah doctor<\/em> cu cawnnak lei kan upat mi hna an si. Hi nih a chim duh mi cu thimfung catlap ah min \u1e6dial a si bak ah doctor<\/em> tiah \u1e6dial mi pa nih mi lung a lak cia tinak a si. Ram tampi nih ballot paper<\/em> an \u1e6dial ning kan zoh ahcun USA ah cun an palai (candidate) min hmai ah number<\/em> siseh, degree<\/em> le doctor<\/em> an telh lo. Hi bantuk an telh lonak cu thimfung catlap ah palai (candidate) pawl i khat hna seh tinak caah a si. Ahohmanh a sining an cawisang hlei lo i, upatnak an pe hlei lo, a \u1e6dum chukter lo mi ballot paper<\/em> hi Myanmar ram zong ah a rak herh ve. Pahnihnak cu UEC nih thimphung first-past-the-post<\/em> (FPTP) kong hi chim ka duh. FPTP phung cu thimfung tampi a hmu mi nih teinak hmuh khawh a si. Cucu a tak ah kherhhlai tikah buainak zeidah a chuak kho ti ahcun thimhmun pakhat ah miphun pahnih an um hnga. Miphun A le miphun B tiah hei ti chun usih. Miphun A kha milu 54% an si i, Miphun B kha milu 46% an si. Thimnak an tuah tikah Miphun A nih an miphun hawi a si mi thimfung an thlak dih. Miphun B zong nih an miphun hawi thimfung an thlak dih ko. Sihmansehlaw, milu an i dan ruangah miphun A le miphun B aiawhtu cu miphun A minung a hung si. Teitu miphun A palai nih rian a \u1e6duan tikah miphun B kha thimfung a ka thla lo mi miphun B tiah a ti khawh mi a si. Hika zawn hi nihin Chinram ah tampi kan hmuh khawh mi a si. Tc, Henry Van Thio nih Hnaring a \u1e6danh deuh, nain Zophei le Mara a kan philh\u2026tbk!.<\/p>\n 2020 thimnak ah zeidah a cang kho ti mi langhter ding ah pakhatnak ah party<\/em> a karh ning zoh a herh. Pahnihnak ah NLD i cozah a tlaih chung a rian \u1e6duan ning le pathumnak ah NLD a dirh onhtu (opposite party<\/em> an dirhmun) hna an si.<\/p>\n (b) 2015 thimnak ah ram pumpi thimnak ah palai 6,189 nih an i cuh. Hi chung ah 1172 palai nih Pyithu Hluttaw<\/em> \u1e6dhutnak 330 an i cuh i, Palai 915 nih Amyota Hluttaw<\/em> \u1e6dhutnak 168 an i cuh. Cun, Palai 3504 nih ram\u1e6dhen \u1e6dhen 14 i hluttaw<\/em> thimnak \u1e6dhutdan 673 an i cuh ve. Palai 5866 cu ramkhel party<\/em> 92 aiawh in an i zuam lioah Palai 323 cu pumpak palai (Independent) in an i zuam ve. 2015 cu NLD nih 1990 Ramhun Thimnak (general election) hnu in a voi hnihnak Ramhun Thimnak ah aa zuam a si. 2015 thimnak ah NLD nih ram pumpaluk ah \u1e6dhutdan 886 a hmuh. Chin ram ah cun NLD nih \u1e6dhutdan 12 an co i, USDP nih 4 an co. A tang mi pahnih cu ZCD nih an co, ralkap nih tin mi 6 he fonh ahcun MP 24 an si.5<\/sup><\/p>\n (c ) 2020 ah thimnak ah party<\/em> 128 nih cozah theihpinak (register) an tuah nain 34 cu hnon an si (Party<\/em> 34 chung ah a nung ti lo mi party<\/em> zong a um ve). Cucaah, party 94 nih thimnak an i cuh lai.6<\/sup> 2020 thimnak phun dang a sinak cu Kawl rawn ah party<\/em> thar an karh leng ah tlangcung zong ah 2015 thimnak ah anmah miphun nih an lung aa rual lo an ti mi party<\/em> hna kha pakhat ah an hun i fonh hna. Phundang in 2015 thimnak nakin 2020 ahcun miphun party<\/em> a hung karh deuh. NLD nih a hruai mi hna an lung a tlin lo ruangah siseh, Kawl rawn ah party<\/em> a tam ruangah 2020 thimnak ahcun 2015 bantukin NLD nih fawi tein tei lo khawh a si.<\/p>\n Chin ram ah NLD a uar lo hna nih an chim mi bia pahnih a um. Cucu a tanglei bantukin an si.<\/p>\n VFV Phung An Ser mi: Vacant Land, Fallow Land<\/em> le Virgin Land<\/em> phung tiah an ti. A fawinak in Vawlei hrim, Vawlei luat, Vawlei lawng tiah an ti. Cucu Chinmi nih kum 500 hrawng kan rak hman cang mi kan phung \u201cChin customary law\u201d he aa ralkah. Fiang deuh in chim ahcun, \u201cpupa ram a um lo\u201d ti a si. Pupa ram a um lo caah ram ngeitu tiah ruah mi nih cozah sin ah laisen sok siseh, ngeih caan cu kum 30 a si. Laisen thla ruk chung ah a sok lo cun kum 2 thong siloah 500,000 kyats dantat a si lai ti a um. Kherhhlainak a tuah mi cheukhat nih an chim mi cu VFV phung nih tlangcungmi nih kum zaza an ngeih mi ram le vawlei kha kum 30 he a thlenter. Kum 30 he thlennak a tuah lo le laisen tuah lo ahcun dantatnak tuah khawh a si fawn. Hi phung hi mitlawm-u (minority) va namneh a si. Fiang deuh in chim ahcun, democracy<\/em> ah a biapi mi mitlawm-u covo (minority rights) zei a rel lo a si, an ti. Hi VFV phung ruangah tlangcung ram vialte i 82% ah vawlei kong buainak a chuak.6<\/sup> Chinram i buainak a tam bik cu vawlei hmun le ram hmun kong a si, tiah The Chinland Post nih a \u1e6dial.<\/p>\n Miphun hme nunphung le ca kilvennak a um lo: Ralkap chan ah cun nah-tah-lah <\/em>cu nupa ngei lo ngakchia zohkhennak bantukin an rak tuah. Nain, a chung tak zoh tikah Buddhist a \u1e6dhancho ding in acozah nih a rak i timh mi bu a rak si. A cozah nih nah-tah-lah <\/em>ca ah cozah phaisa a rak thlakpiak lengmang. Chinram Khrihfa ca ah a cozah nih phaisa zei zah dah a thlak bal ti ruah ahcun, biaknak ah i tlukruan lonak (ine\u1e6duality in religion) kan hmuh khawh. Nihin NLD nih tlancungmi ca le holh kong ah zeidah a tuah? Chinram cozah nih Laica le Lai tuanbia cawnpiaknak a tuah bal maw? A tuah bal lo. Nihin Sianginn um dan cu ralkap chan sianginn um dan he aa khat. Mitlawm-u\u00a0 (Minority) hna i an nuhrin covo a si mi cu 2008 phunghram tang in tuahpiak le zohkhenhpiak khawh a si. Zohkhenh le tuahpiak khawh lo hmanh ah a tuahtu kha bawmhchanh (support) khawh a si. Sinain, hi bantuk cu NLD nih a tuah lo, ti a si.<\/p>\n Hi pahnih te ruangah Chinram lawng si loin tlangcung ram tampi ah NLD thapek ning cu tam ngai in a hung zor. A zor lawng si loin miphun party<\/em> ti bantuk an hung chuak. Miphun party<\/em> aa ti mi party<\/em> hna nih, \u201ckan covo kan lak \u1e6dhan lai,\u201d an ti. Cucu \u201ccovo\u201d ti mi cu 1947 i Chan Htun version<\/em> phunghram nih a hrin i, nihin tiang Daw Aung San Suh Kyi nih a pek rih lo mi hna kha an chim duh mi a si. Cucu khoika ah a um hnga a tanglei ah ka hun langhter.<\/p>\n Thimnak cu zuamnak pakhat a si. Player A<\/em> a thazaang dernak le a \u1e6dhawnnak kha player B<\/em> nih a theih a herh. NLD cu paih bual in kan chim ahcun paih bual ah mi a tei cuahmah mi pa\u1e6dhawng pakhat a si i, dirh onhtu party<\/em> (opposite party) cu NLD a chuah hnawh ding pa a si. Zeitin NLD a tei lai maw ti cu amah (a chuak ding) a dirhmun cung ah tampi aa hngat. Cucaah 2020 thimnak zoh tikah NLD he aa zuamcawh ding party<\/em> hna i an dirhmun kha theih a herh. Myanmar ram pumpi cu a kauh deuh caah Chin ram in ka hun cuanh lai. Tlangcung ram hna i NLD cung ah an lungsi lonak cu a cunglei ah ka hun langhter cang. Khi ka langhter mi khi CNLD nih kan i timh ti a si. CNLD tlaihtleng cu \u201ctime to regain our rights\u201d ti mi \u201ckan covo lak \u1e6dhan caan a cu cang\u201d ti a um. Zeitin an lak lai? Ruah a phu. Thimfung thla caah i fian lonak a chuahpi kho mi pakhat cu \u201cregain\u2014lak \u1e6dhan\u201d ti mi hi a si. \u201cRegain\u201d ti mi rak ngeih bal nain rak sungh mi kha ngeih \u1e6dhan khi a si. Kan ngeih bal mi Chin huap in phunghram, kan covo pawl kan zoh tikah democracy<\/em> he aa tlak ngaingai mi a rak um lo. Chin Acts Regulation<\/em> cu Bawi le Sal hram bunh in Mirang nih an kut ah an lak hlan i, an bawi kha khua uktu ah an serter mi phung a rak si. 1947 Panglong i, Aung San version<\/em> phunghram cu Chan Htun version<\/em> nih a rak thah. Cucaah, \u201clak \u1e6dhan\u201d ti mi hi \u201ckhoika in a si lai\u201d ti kha fiang tein langhter a herh. A pahnihnak i CNLD dirhmun kan zoh ahcun Hakha le Thantlang lei nih cun Falam lei in an haotu (Chairman) pakhatpa ruangah an uar lo ngai. NLD a uar lo mi hmanh kha khi pa ruangah CNLD ah an i fu kho lo. Hakha peng pa, pakhat pa nih a chim mi cu, \u201cCNLD an sungh cun khi pa ruang khin a si ko lai,\u201d a ti. Cun, Hakha in Matupi lam cung ah a um mi khua pakhat ah khua a sa mi cheukhat nih cun, \u201cCNF a um lio ah kan unau a thattu pa hruai mi CNLD an si. Anmah sin ah thimfung thlaknak cun kan duh lo mi NLD kan thim deuh lai,\u201d an ti ve. Hi bantuk bia tete kong ah CNLD nih cun kan dirhmun an i fiang lo i a si an ti ve. Fiang lak in an chim khawh lo ahcun thimfung tam ngai an sung lai ti mi sullam a hung si hnga.<\/p>\n Myanmar ram nih a hman mi democracy<\/em> phung cu indirect democracy<\/em> phung a si. A iawhtu kha thim a si. A iawhtu cu phunghram ning in rian na \u1e6duan lai tiah fial kha \u201cdirect democracy\u201d cu a si. Cucu democracy<\/em> phung hman khawh nakhnga aiawhtu thim cu a herh. A iawhtu thim lo ahcun aiawhtu an chuah khawh lo caah indirect democracy<\/em> si khawh a si lo. Cucaah, democracy<\/em> a duh tak mi Chinmi kan si ahcun thimfung kan thlak hrimhrim a herh. Thimfung kan thlak lawng ah ram mi nih uk mi \u201cdemocracy\u201d <\/em>a chuak lai. \u201cThimfung pakhat\u201d nih ram pakhat a hrawh khawh bantukin ram pakhat a \u1e6dhanter khawh caah thimfung thlak lai ah \u1e6dha tein tuak a herh. Cun, a pahnihnak cu UEC hi thimnak a tuahtu an si caah democracy<\/em> phung kan kalnak ah ballot paper<\/em> an hmang mi ah mi pakhatkhat \u201c\u1e6danh hlei a ngei mi\u201d ka lawhter hna. Dr. U, Daw, Mg le Ma\u2026 tbk in \u1e6dialnak nih zei bantuk thil a chuah khawh ti cu dotthlatnak (research) an tuah mi a um rih rua lo nain ramdang ah khi bantuk khi palai (candidate) an min hmai ah an chiah lonak cu mi pakhatkhat va \u1e6danh hlei le va cawisannak kha ballot paper<\/em> ah um hlah seh ti duh ruangah a si. Phungdang in \u201ctlukruannak\u2013e\u1e6duality\u201d kha ballot paper<\/em> ah a um a herh tinak a si. Thimphung PR le FPTP kong cu nihin Myanmar ramkhel cahmai ah ceih lengmang mi an si. Tlangcungmi tampi nih PR an duhnak kong an chimnak cu mitlawm-u covo (minority rights) kilven ruah ah a si. Hi pahnih te ruangah hin UEC nih tuah mi thimnak ah tlukruannak (e\u1e6duality) a chambau tiah ka ruah. Cun, 2020 thimnak ah zeidah a cang kho ti mi cu dirh onhtu party<\/em> (opposite party) hna i an dirhmun he tampi aa pehtlai. 2020 thimnak cu 2015 thimnak bantuk a si ti lonak cu pakhatnak ah NLD a derthawmnak mi tampi nih an theih cang. Party<\/em> \u1e6dhawng tampi an karh. Tlangcungmi nih miphun party<\/em> an hun ser hna. Hi bantuk ruang tete ah NLD thazaang hi 2015 nakin zeimaw zat a der hrim lai ti hi ruah damh khawh a si. Cucaah, fonhkomh cozah (Coalition Government) zong a si khawhnak lam a um ve.<\/p>\n References<\/strong><\/p>\n Lian H Sakhong, \u201cThe Dynamics Sixty Years of Ethnic Armed Conflicts in Burma. P. 6-7.<\/p>\n Chan Bik Ceu, The Study on Myanmar Election: What Make the Difference Result Between 2010 Election and 2015 Election\u201d p. 2-3.<\/p>\n International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), COMPULSORY VOTING (https:\/\/www.idea.int\/data-tools\/data\/voter-turnout\/compulsory-voting<\/a>).<\/p>\n Full details of the cancellations are in Union Election Commission Notifications 61-65 and 67\/2015, 12 and 27 October 2015<\/p>\n\n
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\n(a) Union Election Commission (UEC) nih thawng a thanh ning ah 2010 thimnak ah palai 3069 (independent 82)<\/em> nih thimnak an rak i cuh. UEC nih 2010 thimnak zuam ding a sok mi ramkhel party<\/em> chung ah party<\/em> 42 an cohlan. Party pakhat nih thimhmun hmun 3 caah mi ngei seh ti mi ruangah UEC nih thimnak zuamnak a sok mi chung in cohlan a si cang mi party<\/em> 42 chung ah party 5 nih palai tling in an chuah khawh lo caah 2010 thimnak ah cun party <\/em>37 lawng an rak i zuam. Hi party<\/em> 37 chung ah hin 33 cu dirh thar party<\/em> an si i, a dang 4 cu a rak um cia party<\/em> a si.4<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n
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